UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
SCHOOL OF SOCIALWORK 
SWOA 705
FALL 1999
STEVEN SOIFER, M.S.W., Ph.D.
OFFICE: 4E15
WORK: 410-706-7927
E-MAIL: ssoifer@ssw.umaryland.edu
OFFICE HOURS: MON. 12-2, TUES. 4-6, BY APPT.

COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

I. COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course helps students build upon, expand, and refine their organizational development and capacity building skills. The course covers a number of themes, including small communities, factors leading to the health or decline of communities, community economic development (CED) strategies, community development corporations (CDC), advocacy and development organizing, various action programs, and social development strategies. Specific knowledge, skills, and values will be discussed in relation to these themes. Ethnically sensitive practice principles will be woven into class discussions on a regular basis.

Since this course builds upon the foundation knowledge and skills from various prerequisite introductory courses in the curriculum (SOWK 630, 631, 632, 635, and 636), this course assumes that the student is familiar with such relevant knowledge and skills as the nature of organization;; service delivery networks; community and power dynamics and structures,; advocacy and empowerment; small group dynamics; and staff, leaders, and member roles in task groups.

II. COURSE GOALS
To expose students to the concepts, knowledge, skills and values base of community based economic development. Major attention will be placed on looking at the community development corporation (CDC) model as the basis for the economic recovery and social-political revitalization of neighborhoods, communities, and cities.

III. COURSE OBJECTIVES

A. Knowledge
1. To evaluate the community as the basic unit of a local economy and as a complex social organism.

2. To compare and contrast the relevant models, methods, strategy and tactics of local economic development.

3. To dissect the history of community development and CDCs in the United States.

4. To critically analyze the field of community economic development and its future.

B. Skills

1. To assess CDCs as a vehicle for helping in the revitalization of a small community's economy and institutions.

2. To differentiate the social processes of participation (recruitment, involvement, communications, research and analysis, planning, decision-making and implementation) and the technical processes of community economic development (opportunity and project development, planning, implementation).

3. To identify the following development processes: capital formation, community financial institutions, housing, community land trusts, commercial revitalization, small business and enterprise development, worker-owned businesses, industrial/manufacturing development, job creation, and workforce development.

C. Attitudes

1. To appraise issues and people from diverse communities, such as communities based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, class, disability, and age.

2. To identify the social work goals of social justice and equity and to have hope that intervention strategies can be found to relieve human suffering, right social wrongs, empower people and improve societal conditions.

3. To locate social work's role as change agent in community and political arenas.

4. To enhance the student's own sense of empowerment.

IV. TEACHING METHODS:

Lecture small and large group discussion, field exercises, and films. These methods will help with the integration of classroom and field experience. All students are strongly encouraged to be active participants and learners in the classroom setting. Please bring questions and be prepared to ask them in class.

V. TEXTS:

Required

Medoff, P. & Sklar, H. (1994). Streets of hope: The fall and rise of an urban neighborhood. Boston: South End Press.

National Congress for Community Economic Development. Tying itall together. Washington, D.C.:Author.

Pierce, N. & Steinbach, C. (1987). Corrective capitalism: Therise of America's CDC's. New York: Ford Foundation.

Rockefeller Foundation. Stories of renewal. New York: Author.

Sherraden, M.S. & Ninacs, W.A. (eds.) (1998). Community economicdeveloment and social work. New York: Haworth Press.

Whyte, W.F. & Whyte, K.K. (1988). Making Mondragon: The growth and dynamics of the worker cooperative complex. Ithaca: ILR Press.

Articles as assigned (see class outline). Many will be available at http://comm-org.wisc.edu

Recommended:

Blakely, E. (1994). Planning local economic development,2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Bruyn, S.T. & Meehan, J. (1987). Beyond the market and the state:New directions in community development. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Kretzmann, J.P. & McKnight, J.L. (1993). Building communitiesfrom the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community's assets. Chicago: ACTA Publications.
 

VI. COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

1) Group Project(s) (Due December 6)

The class will break into two different groups and work on the following projects:

a) Alternative community finance institutions in Baltimore city, with a focus on a community development bank and/or community development credit union(s);

b) Community land trust in Baltimore city.

Each group, in consultation with the instructor, will develop a strategic working plan on these two projects. Each group will be responsible for a 25 - 50 page document and a class presentation on their work. These are to be done in APA style (properly referenced) and grammatically correct.

3) Reading Summaries (Due week reading assignment due)

Each person will submit summary analyses each time an reading assignment(s) are due in class. For articles, they are to be no more than one page; for books, no more than three pages.

VII. GRADING:

The instructor will grade students in consultation with you. Grades will be weighted as follows: 20% class attendance, reading, and/or participation; 50% group project; and 30% final paper. Grades will be assigned according to the standard UMB system:

A=Excellent B=Good C=Fair D=Poor F-Failure

COURSE SCHEDULE AND READINGS

Session I. Course Overview

Introductions

Syllabus

Film: From the Bottom Up

Session II. Community Economic Development: What is it?

Definitions

A. Overview of Community Economic Development
1. history

2. definitions

3. values/principles

4. measures

B. Differences between community economic development and economic development.

Readings:

Pierce & Steinbach: Corrective capitalism. (On reserve)
Session III. History of Community Development Corporations
A. Community development corporations
1. definition

2. history

3. characteristics

4. alternative models

5. open vs. closed organizations

B. Analysis of models and organizational structures for community based development

C. Characteristics and elements of effective community development corporations

Readings:

Stoecker, R. (1997). The CDC model of urban redevelopment: A critique and an alternative. Journal of Urban Affairs, 19(1), 1-22.

National Congress for Community Economic Development.(1995). Tying it all together. Washington, D.C.

Session IV. Beyond the Market & the State: A Third Way?
Readings:
Medoff & Sklar, Streets of Hope, Intro,Chaps. 1-4.
Session V. Community Capacity Building
Readings:

Medoff & Sklar, Streets of Hope, Chaps. 5-7.

Session VI. CDC Case Examples
Required Readings:
Medoff & Sklar, Streets of Hope, Chaps. 8 & 9.

Rockefeller Foundation: Stories of renewal.

Stoecker, R. (1995). Community organizing and community-based redevelopment in Cedar-Riverside & East Toledo: A comparative study. Journal of Community Practice, 2(3), 1-23.

Session VII. Housing & Land Issues
A. Housing: stabilization, preservation, maintenance, production and management.

B. Alternative housing strategies

1. land banks

2. land trusts

3. trust funds

4. cooperatives

5. employee assisted housing

C. Overcoming issues and barriers to safe, affordable housing.
1. economic: affordability, credit, down payment, financing.

2. quality: poor housing stock, habitabilty

3. market: turnover, availability, real estate practices, marketability.

4. ownership: rental vs. ownership, resident control

Readings:

Sherraden & Ninacs, CED & Social Work, pp. 1-61, 125-151.

Session VIII. Worker Coops & ESOPS: Overview
Required Readings:

Soifer, S.D. & Resnick, H. (1993). Prospects for socialwork cooperatives in the 1990s. Administrationand Social Work, 17(3), pp. 99-116.

Whyte & Whyte, Making Mondragon, Chaps. 1-10.

Session IX. Worker Cooperatives & ESOPS: Case Examples
Required Readings:

Whyte & Whyte, Making Mondragon, Chaps. 11-17.

Session X. Community Finance Institutions
A. capital issues

B. community loan/revolving loan, micro loan funds

C. community development credit unions

D. community development banks

E. Community Reinvestment Act

Film: No Loans Today

Required Readings:

Whyte & Whyte, Making Mondragon, Chaps. 18-20.

Assigned readings.

Session XI. Consumer Cooperatives
Required Readings:

Selected articles from Cooperative America. (To be handed out).

Session XII. Job Creation Workforce Development & Welfare to Work
(Tentative guest speaker)

A. People vs. place developments: jobs for people or people for jobs.

B. Job creation and increasing employment opportunities.

1. targeting and capturing local jobs

2. self-employment initiatives

3. community level job creation and retention

4. job training and placement

5. linking job training to creating and securing jobs

6. linking residents to non-local employment opportunities

7. issues of capacity, training, access and discrimination.

Required Readings:

Sherraden & Ninacs. CED & Social Work, pp. 63-123.

Session XIII. Economic Development: Small Business, Commercial,Industry and Manufacturing
(Tentative guest speaker)

A. Challenges and barriers to small business and enterprise development in low/moderate income communities

1. identifying entrepreneurs

2. access to capital and credit for start-up and expansion

3. access to support and assistance

B. Strategies and tools for local small scale business and enterprise development and expansion

1. business assistance and recruitment centers

2. business incubators

3. seed capital funds

4. community based enterprise development

5. entrepreneurial development

6. peer lending

7. home grown economies

8. youth enterprise development

C. Overview of commercial revitalization, business, industrial and manufacturing development and job creation.

D. Issues in Industry and Manufacturing

1. people vs. place development

2. subsidy vs. upgrading the workforce

Required Readings:

Fellin, P. (1998). Development of capital in poor, inner-city neighborhoods. Journal of Community Practice, 5, (3), 87-98.

Suggs, R.E.(1995). Bringing small business development to urban neighborhoods. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 30, (2), 487-506.

REFLECTION PAPER DUE!
Session XIV. Social Development
A. Social development concepts

B. Social development paradigms

C. Examples of social development

FINAL PAPERS DUE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Film: Community - Bangladesh

Required Readings:

McDevitt, S. (1997). Social work in community development: A cross national comparison. CSWE APM, Chicago.

Midgley, J. & Livermore, M. (1997). Social capital and localeconomic development: Implications for community social work practice. CSWE APM, Chicago.

Session XV. Class Evaluation/Party

Selective Bibliography

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Adams, F. & Ellerman, D. (1989). Your own boss: Democratic worker ownership. Social Policy, 19(3), 12-18.

Adams, F., Gordon, F., & Shirey, R. (1991). Cooperative home care associates: From working poor to working class through job ownership. Boston: ICA Group.

Adams, F. T. & Hansen, G.B. (1992). Putting democracy to work: A practical guide for starting and managing worker-owned businesses. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Adams, F. & Shirey, R. (1993). The workers' owned sewing company: Making the eagle fly Friday. Boston: The ICA Group.

Ahlbrandt, R. S. (1984). Neighborhoods, people and community. New York: Plenum Press.

Ahlbrandt, R. & Cunningham, C. (1979). A new public policy For neighborhood preservation. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Amoco Foundation. (1991, October). Rebuilding economies through neighborhood job creation: Denver, Atlanta and Chicago. Amoco Fund for Neighborhood Economies.

Berndt, H. E. (1977). New rulers in the ghetto: The community development corporation and urban poverty. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Biddle, W. W. & Biddle, L. J. (1965). The community development process: The rediscovery of local initiative. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Blakely, E. J. (Ed.) (1979). Community development research: Concepts, issues, and strategies. New York: Human Sciences Press.

Blakely, E. J. (1994). Planning local economic development, 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Blakely, E. J. & Aparicio, A. (1990). Balancing social and economic objectives: The case of California's community development corporations. Journal of the Community Development Society, 21( ), 115-128.

Boothroyd, P. & Craig, D.H. (1993). Community economic development: 3 approaches. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 12( ), 230-240.

Bratt, R. (1994). From housing development to neighborhood revitalization: The saga of a Boston CDC. Paper presented at the Urban Affairs Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.

Bruyn, S. T. & Meehan, J. (1987). Beyond the market and the state: New directions in community development. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Building strong communities: Strategies for urban change. Conference report. Sponsored by the Annie E. Casey, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations. Cleveland, OH, May 13-15, 1992.

Burwell, N. Y. (1995). Lawrence Oxley and locality development: Black self-help in North Carolina 1925-1928. Journal of Community Practice, 2(4), 49-69.

Carlton-LaNey, I. (1995). George and Birdye Haynes' legacy to community practice. Journal of Community Practice, 2(4), 27-48.

Carlton-LaNey, I. & Burwell, N. Y. (1995). Introduction: African American community practice models: Historical and contemporary responses. Journal of Community Practice, 2(4), 1-6.

Center for Community Change. (1985). Organizing for neighborhood development - A citizen handbook. Washington: Author.

Center for Community Change. (1990, Summer). Public housing residents organizing to save and improve their homes. Community Change. Washington, D.C.: Author.

Center for Community Change. (1991). Touting the virtues of CBDOs. Community Change, 10(8).

Chandler, S. (1986). The hidden feminist agenda in social development. In Van-Den Berg & Cooper, Feminist visions for social work, pp. 12-25.

Clinard, M. B. (1966). Slums and community development: Experiments in self help. New York: Free Press.

Cohen, E., Ooms, T. & Hutchins, J. (1995). Comprehensive community-building initiatives: A strategy to strengthen family capital. A Family Impact Seminar (FIS) Background Briefing Report, December.

Community development corporation oral history project. Pratt Institute Center for Community and Economic Development. Brooklyn, New York, June, 1995.

Community Information Exchange. (1988). Technical bulletin: capital and communities. Washington, D.C.: Author.

Community Information Exchange. (1987, December). Bank CDCs and development banks. Alert

Community revitalization through the empowerment zone/enterprise community: Opportunities for philanthropic involvement. Draft discussion paper. July 24, 1995.

Community Training and Action Center. (1988). Perspectives on community development. CTAC Update, (Fall), 10-17. Boston: Author.

Comprehensive approaches for children and families: A philanthropic perspective. Grantmakers for Children, Youth and Families, The Council on Foundations, June, 1992.

Connell, J. et al., ed., (1995). New approaches to evaluating community initiatives: Concept, methods and contexts. Roundtable on Comprehensive Community Initiatives for Children and Families. The Aspen Institute.

Daniels, B. & Tilly,, C. (1985). Community economic development: 7 guiding principles. Resources for Community-Based Economic Development, (3), 11.

Davis, J. e. (1991). Contested ground: Collective action and the urban neighborhood. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

DeGiovanni, F.; Ream, R; & Phares, L. A. (1992). Bank-Ability. New York: Community Development Research Center, New School for Social Research.

Development Training Institute. (1988). Community real estate development flow chart. Baltimore: Author.

Downs, A. (1981). Neighborhoods and urban development. Washington: Brookings Institution.

Dreier, P. (1991, November/December). Redlining cities: How banks color community development. Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs, 15-23.

Dreier, P. (1993). Community empowerment strategies: The experience of community-based problem-solving in America' urban neighborhoods - Recommendations for federal policy. Los Angeles:International and Public Affairs Center, Occidental College.

Dunst, C. (1995). Key characteristics and features of community -based family support programs. A Commissioned paper of the Family Resource Coalition Best Practices Project.

Edwards, E. D. & Edwards, M. E. (1995). Community development with Native Americans. In F. G. Rivera and J. L. Erlich Community organizing in a diverse society (pp. 25-42). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Eisen A. (1992). Report on foundations' collaborations with comprehensive, neighborhood based, community-empowerment initiatives. Report to New York Community Trust, March.

Emerson, J. Twersky, F. (1996). New social entrepreneurs: The success, challenge and lessons of non-profit enterprise creation. San Francisco: The Roberts Foundation.

Enterprise Foundation. (1996). Revitalizing communities: 1996 annual report. Columbia, MD: Author.

Eisen, A. (1992). A report on foundations' support for comprehensive neighborhood -based community empowerment initiatives. New York(?): East Bay Funders, The Ford Foundation, The New York Community Trust, The Piton Foundation, and the Riley Foundation.

Ellerman, D. P. (n.d.). Entrepreneurship in the Mondragon cooperatives. Review of Social Economy, pp. 273-294.

Estes, R. J. (1998). Resources for social and economic development: A guide to the scholarly literature. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work.

Ewalt, P. L., Freeman, E.M., and Poole, D. L. (Eds.) (1998). Community building: Renewal, well-being, and shared responsibility. NASW Press: Washington, D.C.

Farrell, W.C. Jr., Johnson, J. H. Jr., Sapp, M., Pumphrey, R. M., and Freeman, S. (1995). Redirecting the lives of urban black males: An assessment of Milwaukee's midnight basketball league. Journal of Community Practice, 2(4), 91-107.

Fellin, P. (1998). Development of capital in poor, inner-city neighborhoods. Journal of Community Practice, 5, (3), 87 -98.

Fellowship for Intentional Community. (1996). Communities directory: A guide to cooperative living.

Fitch, R. (1996, May 13). In Bologna, small is beautiful. The Nation, 18-21.

Florin, P. & Wandersman, A. (1990). An introduction to citizen participation, voluntary organizations, and community development: Insights for empowerment through research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1).

Gardner, J.W. (1991). Building community. Prepared for the Leadership Studies Program of Independent Sector, September.

Gardner, L. (1983). Community economic development strategies: Creating successful businesses - Volume I: Building the base. Berkeley: National Economic Development and Law Center.

Gaventa, J., Smith, B., and Willingham, A. (Eds.) (1990). Communities in economic crisis: Appalachia and the south. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Goldstein, B. & Davis, R. (1977). Neighborhoods in the urban economy. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Gornick, M. (1996). Putting faith to work: The role of congregations in community building. Commissioned by the Development and Training Institute. March 12.

Gibson, J., McNeely, J. & Shabecoff, A. (1995). Building community in America: An introduction. Commissioned by The Development Training Institute, August.

Giloth, R. (1985). Organizing for neighborhood development. Social Policy, 15( ), 37-42.

Giloth, R. & Casey, D. (1995). Reinventing CDCs: Twenty-five years of community planning and development in Baltimore. Authors: Unpublished manuscript.

Government Accounting Office. Comprehensive approaches to community development. A GAO Report to the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations, Reform and Oversight. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, February, 1995.

Gunn, C. E. (1984). Workers' self-management in the United States. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Halpern, R. (1995). Rebuilding the inner-city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.

Halpern, R. (1995). Rebuilding the inner city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.

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Harvard Business School. (n.d.) The Mondragon cooperative. experiment. Cambridge: Author.

Hayes, C., Lipoff, E. & Danneger, A.E. (1995). A compendium of comprehensive community-based initiatives: A look at costs, benefits and financing strategies. Washington, D.C.: The Finance Project, July.

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Hermon, M.R. (1995). The same woman in a different dress: A comparison of comprehensive community building initiatives and the community action program. Graduate paper. Princeton University, January.

Holladay, J.M. (1992). Economic development: A southern perspective. Kettering Foundation paper.

Hoff, M.D. (Ed.) (1998). Sustainable community development. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers.

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Jenny, P. (1993). Community building initiatives: A scan of comprehensive neighborhood revitalization programs. New York Community Trust, September.

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Kingsley, G. T., McNeely, J. B., & Gibson, J. O. (1997). Community building: Coming of age. Baltimore: The Development Training Institute and The Urban Institute.

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Kretzmann, J. P. & McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building communities from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community's assets. Chicago: ACTA Publications.

Kretzmann, J. P. & McKnight, J. L. (1997). Guide to capacity inventories: Mobilizing comunity skills of local residents. Chicago: ACTA.

Kretzmann, J. P. & McKnight, J. L. (1996). Guide to mapping and mobilizing economic capacities of local residents. Chicago: ACTA.

Kretzmann, J. P. & McKnight, J. L. (1996). Guide to mapping consumer expenditures. Chicago: ACTA.

Kretzmann, J. P. & McKnight, J. L. (1996). Guide to mapping local business assets and mobilizing local business capacities. Chicago: ACTA.

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