I. COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course will examine theories of social action and the methods and processes used by challenging groups to bring about social change. Close attention will be paid to the causes and crystallizations of protest; the genesis, growth and sustenance of social movements; strategies and tactics to achieve social goals; and the institutionalization of social change. Where appropriate, current and historical examples of major social movements will be studied in terms of their theoretical foundations or operational mechanisms. Different models of social action will be examined. Attention will be paid to the needed skills to bring about social change. Students will engage in class projects in order to experience macro level social change interventions.

II. COURSE OBJECTIVES

A. Knowledge

1. To assess the variety of methods used to bring about social change.

2. To assess the historical roles played by various social movements and the role of organizers in creating and sustaining collective action.

3. To assess the theoretical and interdisciplinary foundations of the broad movements for social reform and social change in the United States.

4. To assess the differential experiences of social movements which stem from their focus upon the issues of race, sex, social class, age, sexual preference, ability, religion or power.

B. Skills

1. To analyze a social movement regarding its organizational structure, decision-making processes, goals, underlying ideology, strategy and tactics.

2. To work with existing social movement organizations in cooperative efforts to improve existing social services or bring about broader social change.

3. To identify issue analysis, advocacy, lobbying, direct action and coalition building as they apply to the establishment and maintenance of efforts at social reform or social change.

4. To apply critical consciousness to both academic and practice situations and to engage in ongoing reflection on one's practice.

C. Attitudes

1. To compare the different approaches organized groups have adopted in their efforts to promote social reform and social change.

2. To evaluate the role social work activists have played historically and currently in the creation and sustenance of social movements.

3. To respect different approaches to learning and practice situations and a heightened sense of self-awareness regarding one's own style of learning and responding to practice situations.

4. To be confident as a social change agent in a variety of settings.

D. Outcomes

Upon completion of the course, the graduate can:

1. Apply theory and knowledge of the history of the profession and of movements to enhance one's judgment as a change agent.

2. Perform as part of a multi-disciplinary team engaged in social reform with clarity on what social work brings to the intervention.

3. Draw upon models of social change for appropriate elements in a particular situation and for citizen involvement vehicles.

4. Assess the probability of success in intra- and interorganizational change efforts and in collective action.

5. Employ a repertoire of skills such as lobbying, testifying, public speaking, advocacy, and coalition building.

6. Make appropriate decisions on when to seek out the skill of others or do litigation or investigation.

7. Conduct an issue strategy analysis, make a plan of action, and coordinate roles and leadership with affected groups.

8. Select and execute social action projects and campaigns with respect for differences ranging from homelessness to sexual orientation.

Information sharing, small and large group discussion, role playing, experiential exercises, films, and field trips. All students are expected to be active participants and learners in the classroom setting.

IV. TEXTS

Required:

Assigned classroom articles.

Albert, D. (1985). People power: Applying nonviolence theory. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Hayes, K. S. & Mickelson, J. S. (1997). Affecting change: Social workers in the political arena - 3rd Ed. New York: Longman.

Moyer, B. (1987). Movement action plan. San Francisco: Social Movement Empowerment Project.

Moyer, B. (1986). Practical strategist. San Francisco: Social Movement Empowerment Project.

Richan, W. C. (1991). Lobbying for social change. New York: Haworth Press.

Thoreau, H. D. (1970). Civil disobedience. New York: Washington Square Press.

1. Readings/Class Attendance/Summary Analyses

EVERYONE IS REQUIRED TO DO THE CLASS READINGS AND BE PREPARED TO ACTIVELY ENGAGE IN CLASS DISCUSSIONS. BECAUSE OF THE EMPHASIS ON CLASS DISCUSSION, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVERYONE TO DO THEIR PART AND READ THE ASSIGNMENTS! IF YOU CANNOT ATTEND A CLASS, I EXPECT TO BE NOTIFIED.

For each reading other than Moyer's, I want no more than a 2-3 page summary analysis of the book and a 1 page analysis summary of an article. State the author(s) major thesis, his or her supporting points, your criticism (if any), and any implications for social action and/or social work. These are due the week after each reading.

2. Social Movement Paper or Social Action Policy Brief

(Idea due Feb. 19, paper due Apr.30)

a) Write a 15-20 page APA style, properly referenced paper on the social movement of your choice. You are to analyze the movement using Bill Moyer's Movement Action Plan, drawing on at least 10 outside sources. All papers are to be grammatically correct, contain no spelling errors, and have no APA reference errors. Please refer to the APA manual as needed. If you need a topic suggestion, please speak to me.

b) Write a 15-20 page policy brief, properly referenced, as described by Richan on pages 168-181. Same ground rules as above.

3. Group/Individual Social Action Project (Due May 9)

During the course of the semester, students will be organized into a social action group(s) and work on influencing and/or solving a local, state, or federal issue or problem. The group will write up a five-page summary of their efforts, and each student will hand in a two-page description of what he or she learned from the effort.

The instructor will grade students in consultation with the student. Grades will be weighted as follows: 15% class attendance, reading, and participation; 15% for the book/article summaries; 50% for the social movement paper, and 20% for the groups social action project. Grades will be assigned according to the standard UMAB system:

A = Excellent B = Good C = Fair D = Poor F = Failure

I. Jan. 29: INTRODUCTIONS AND COURSE OVERVIEW

Pick Group Social Action Project(s)

Required Readings:

None

Required Readings:

Coover et al.: "The Theoretical Basis for Change," Resource manual for a living revolution. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, pp. 8-21.

Lipsky: Protest as a Political Resource. American Political Science Review, 62,( ), pp. 1144-58.

Mondros & Wilson: Organizing for Power and Empowerment. New York: Columbia University Press. Ch. 10, "The Pursuit of Empowerment," pp. 227-251.

(ALL ON RESERVE)

Guest Speaker (Tentative)

Required Readings:

Richan: Intro., Chaps. 1-4, pp. 21-104

Richan: Chaps. 5-8, pp. 105-219

*Social Movement paper idea due

Required Readings:

Richan: Chaps. 9-11, Appendix, pp. 221-338

Moyer: Movement Action Plan

Moyer: The Practical Strategist

Required Readings:

Thoreau: Civil Disobedience: Essay Only

Required Reading:

Handouts (ON RESERVE)

Albert: People Power-all

Required Reading:

Hayes Forward, Chaps. 1-3, pp. 1-53

Required Reading:

None

Required Reading:

Hayes Chaps. 4-6, pp. 57-105

Class field visit to Washington, D.C. (Tentative)

Required Readings:

Hayes:Chaps. 7-9, pp. 107-154

Video: Eyes on the Prize

Required Reading:

*Cooney & Michalowski: Ch. 8, "The Civil Rights Movement," The power of the people: Active nonviolence in the United States. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers,pp. 150-175.

(ON RESERVE)

Hayes Chaps. 10-12, pp. 156-196

Video: Making Sense of the Sixties

Required Reading:

*Cooney & Michalowski: Ch. 10, "The Peace Movement," pp. 182-209

(ON RESERVE)

Video: Before Stonewall

Required Reading:

Blumenfeld & Raymond: Ch. 6, "History of Lesbian and Gay Movement Politics," Looking at gay and lesbian life. New York: Philosophical Library, pp. 272-319.

(ON RESERVE)

*Social Movement or Policy Brief papers due

Required Reading:

Wagner: Radical Movements in the Social Services: A theoretical framework. Social Service Review, pp. 264-284.

(ON RESERVE)

Required Reading:

None!!

STEVEN SOIFER

Adamson, M. & Borgos, S. (1984). This mighty dream: Social protest movements in the United States. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Adamson, N., & Briskin, L. (1989). Feminist organizing for change: The contemporary women's movement in Canada. New York: New York University Press.

Albert, D. (1985). People power: Applying nonviolence theory. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Alinsky, S. (1970). John L. Lewis: An unauthorized biography. New York: Vintage.

Aptheker, H. (?). Abolitionism: A revolutionary movement. New York: Twayne.

Arendt, H. (1979). The origins of totalitarianism. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Ash, R. (1972). Social movements in America. Chicago: Markham Publishing Company.

Bachmann, S. (1984-85). Lawyers, law and social change. Lawyers and Social Change, XIII(1), 1-50.

Back, K.W. (?). Family planning and population control: The challenges of a successful movement. NY: Twayne.

Baer, H.A. & Singer, M. (1992). African-American religion in the twentieth century: Varieties of protest and accommodation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Balser, D. (1988). Sisterhood and solidarity. Boston: South End Press.

Barken, S.E. (1979). Strategic, tactical and organizational dilemmas of the protest movement against nuclear power. Social Problems, 27( ), 19-42.
 

Barken, S. (1984). Legal control of the southern civil rights movement. American Sociological Review, 49( ), 552-565.

Bennis, W. G., Benne, K. D., & Chin, R. (Eds.) (1985). The planning of change. (4th Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.

Berk, R.A. (1974). A gaming approach to collective behavior. American Sociological Review, 39( ), 335-373.

Berry, J. (1977). Lobbying for the people: The political behavior of public interest groups. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bittner, E. (1963). Radicalism and the organization of radical movement. American Sociological Review, 28( ), 928-940.

Blanchard, D.A. (?). The anti-abortion movement and the rise of the religious right: From polite fury to fiery protest. NY: Twayne.

Blumberg, L. (1977). The ideology of a therapeutic social movement: Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,38( ), 2122-43.

Blumberg, R.L. (?). Civil rights: The 1960s freedom struggle. Updated edition. NY: Twayne.

Blumenfeld, W. J. & Raymond, D. (1988). Looking at gay and lesbian life. New York: Philosophical Library.

Blumer, H. (1951). Collective behavior. A.M. Lee (Ed.) Principles of sociology. New York: Barnes and Noble.

Blumer, H. (1955). Social movements. In A.M. Lee (Ed.) (99 -220), Principles of sociology. New York: Barnes and Noble.

Boyer, R. O. & Morais, H. M. (1986). Labor's untold story: Third edition. New York: United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of America.

Branch, T. (1988). Parting the waters: America in the King years 1954-1963. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Breines, W. (1979). Community and organization: The new left as a social movement 1962-1968. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University.

Breton, A. & Breton, R. (1969). An economic theory of social movements. American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings of the American Economic Association, 59(2).

Brinton, C. (1958). The anatomy of revolution. New York: Vintage Books.

Broderick, F. & Meier, A. (1965). Negro protest thought in the twentieth century. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Brody, D. (1971). The American labor movement. New York: Harper and Row.

Buechler, S. (1995). New social movement theories. The Sociological Quarterly, 36 ( ), 441-464.

Buechler, S. (1993). Beyond resource mobilization? Emerging trends in social movement theory. The Sociological Quarterly, 34 (2), 217-235.

Burns, S. (?). Social movements of the 1960s. NY: Twayne.

Cameron, W. B. (1966). Modern social movements. New York: Random House.

Cantril, H. (1941). The psychology of social movements. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Carden, M.L. (1974). The new feminist movement. New York: Russell Sage.

Carden, M.L. (1977). The proliferation of a social movement: Ideology and individual incentive in the contemporary feminist movement. L. Kreisberg (Ed.), Research on social movements: Conflict and change. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Castells, M. (1983). The city and the grassroots: A cross-cultural theory of urban movements. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Chafetz, J.S. Dworkin, A.G. (1986). Female revolt: Women's movements in world and historical perspective. Totowa, NJ: Rowan & Alanheld.

Chatfield, C. (?). The American peace movement. NY: Twayne.

Cicchetti, C.J., Freeman III, A.M., Haveman, R.H., & Knetsch, J.L. (1971). On the economics of mass demonstrations: A case study of the November 1969 march on Washington. American Economic Review, 61(4), 719-24.

Cohen, J. L. (1985). Strategy or identity: New theoretical paradigms an contemporary social movements. Social Research, 52( ), 663-716.
 

Cooney, R. & Michalowski, H. (1987). The power of the people: Active nonviolence in the United States. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Coover, V. , Deacon, E., Esser, C., & Moore, C. (?). Resource manual for a living revolution. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Crawford, T.J & Naditch, M. (1970). Relative deprivation, powerlessness, and militancy: The psychology of social protest. Psychiatry, 33( ), 208-223.

Curtis, R. L. & Aguirre, B. E. (Eds.) (1993). Collective behavior and social movements. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Curtis, R.L. & Zurcher, L.A. (1973). Stable resources of protest movements: The multiorganization field. Social Forces, 52( ), 53-61.

Curtis, R.L. & Zurcher, L.A. (1974). Social movements: An analytical exploration of organizational forms. Social Problems, 21(3), 356-370.

D'Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual politics, sexual communities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dalton, R. J. & Kuechler, M. (Eds.) (1990). Challenging the political order: New social and political movements in western democracies. New York: Oxford University Press.

Danns, G.K. (1986). The power of the powerless: Resource mobilization and social movements in a Third World reality. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 255-284.

Davies, J.C. (1962). Toward a theory of revolution. American Sociological Review, 27( ), 5-19.

Davies, J. (1969). The J-curve of rising and declining satisfactions as a cause of some great revolutions and a contained rebellion. In H.D. Graham & T.R. Gurr (eds.) (547-576) Violence in America: Historical and comparative perspectives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Davis, A. (1967). Spearheads for reform: The social settlements and the progressive movement. New York: Oxford University Press.

De Maria, W. (1991). Alive on the street, dead in the classroom: The return of radical social work and the manufacture of activism. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 19( ), 137-158.

Dear, R. B. & Patti, R. J. (1975). Legislative advocacy: one path to social change. Social Work, 20(2), 108-114.

Downton, J. & Wehr, P. (1997). The Persistent Activist: How Peace Commitment Develops and Survives. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Driedger, D. (1989). The last civil rights movement: Disabled people's international. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Duberman, M. (1993). Stonewall. New York: Dutton.

Dubofsky, M. (1969). We shall be all: A history of the Industrial Workers of the World. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.

Eisenger, P.K. (1973). The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities. American Political Science Review 67: 11 -28. As cited in McAdam, Doug. 1996. Conceptual orgins, current problems, future directions. In McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, Mayer Zald, eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23-40.

Erikson, E. (1969). Gandhi's truth. New York: W. W. Norton.

Evans, S. (1979). The roots of women's liberation in the civil rights movement and the new left. New York: Knopf.

Eve, R.A. & Harrold, F.B. (?). The creationist movement in modern America. NY: Twayne.

Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth. New York: Grove Press.

Fendrich, J.M. & Krauss, E. (1978). Student activism and adult left-wing politics: A causal model of political socialization for black, white, and Japanese students of the 1960s generation. In L. Kreisberg (Ed.). (231-255). Research in social movements, conflicts, and change: Vol. I. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Fendrich, J.M. & Lovoy, K.L. (1988). Back to the future: Adult political behavior of former student activists. American Sociological Review, 53( ), 780-784.

Ferree, M.M. & Hess, b.B. (?). Controversy and coalition: The new feminist movement across three decades of change. Revised Edition. NY: Twayne.

Finsen, S. & Finsen, L. (?). The animal rights movement in America: From compassion to respect. NY: Twayne.

Fireman, B. & Gamson, W. (1979). Utilitarian logic in the resource mobilization perspective. In J. McCarthy and M. Zald (Eds.), (8-44). The dynamics of social movements: Resource mobilization, social control, and tactics. Cambridge: Winthrop.

Flacks, R. (1967). The liberated generation: An exploration of the roots of student protest. Journal of Social Issues, 26( 52-75.

Flacks, R. (1971). Youth and social change. Chicago: Markham.

Flacks, R. (1988). Making history. New York: Columbia University Press.

Flexner, E. (1959). Century of struggle. New York: Atheneum.

Flynn, E. G. (1955). I speak my own piece. New York: Masses and Mainstream.

Franks, C.E.S. (ed.). (1989). Dissent and the state. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Freeman, J. (1973). The origins of the women's liberation movement. American Journal of Sociology, 78( ), 792-811.

Freeman, J. (1975). The politics of women's liberation. New York: McKay.

Freeman, J. (1979). Resource mobilization and strategy: A model for analyzing social movement organization actions. In McCarthy & Zald (1973), 167-189.

Freeman, J. (1983). Social movements of the sixties and seventies. Longman.

Fried, M.G. (?). From abortion to reproductive freedom: Transforming a movement. Boston: South End Press.

Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York: Dell.
 

Gamson, W.A. (1968). Power and discontent. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

Gamson, W.A. (1968). Stable unrepresentation in American society. American Behavioral Scientist, 12( ), 15-21.

Gamson, W.A. (1990). The strategy of social protest: Second edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Gandhi, Mohandas.

Gerlach, L. & Hines, V. (1970). People, power and change: Movements of social transformation. Indianapolis: Bobbs -Merrill.

Geschwender, J.A. (1964). Social structure and the Negro revolt: An examination of some hypotheses. Social Forces, 43( ), 248-256.

Geschwender, J.A. (1967). Continuities in the theories of status constituency and cognitive dissonance. Social Forces, 46( ), 160-171. Giele, J.Z. (?). Two paths to women's equality: Temperance, suffrage, and the origins of modern feminism. NY: Twayne.

Ginger, R. (1977). Eugene V. Debs: A biography. New York: Collier.

Gitlin, T. (1978). Media sociology: The dominant paradigm. Theory and Society, 6( ), .

Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: The mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Gitlin, T. (1987). The sixties: Years of hope, days of rage. New York: Bantam.

Goldberg, R. A. (1991). Grassroots resistance: Social movements in twentieth century America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Goldman, E. (1977). Living my life. New York: New American Library.

Goldstein, M.S. (?). The health movement: Promoting fitness in America. NY: Twayne.

Goodwyn, L. (1978). Democratic promise: The populist movement. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gorey, H. (1975). Nader and the power of everyman. New York: Grossett and Dunlop.

Gottfried, P. (?). The conservative movement. NY: Twayne.

Greer, T.H. (1949). American social reform movements: Their pattern since 1865.

Griffin, L.J., Wallace, M.E., Rubin, B.A. (1986). Capitalist resistance to the organization of labor before the New Deal: Why? How? Success? American Sociological Review, 51 ( ), 147-167.

Gurney, J.N., & Tierney, K. J. (1982). Relative deprivation and social movements: A critical look at twenty years of theory and research. Sociological Quarterly, 23( ), 33 -47.

Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Gusfield, J. (1968). The study of social movements. The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. David Sill (Ed.). New York: The Free Press.

Gusfield, J. (1970). Protest, reform, and revolt. New York: Wiley.

Gusfield, J. (1981). Social movements and social change: perspectives of linearity and fluidity. In L. Kreisberg (Ed.) (317-339). Research in social movements, conflict and change. Vol. 4. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Haber, R.A. (1966). From pretest to radicalism: an appraisal of the student struggle 1960. In M. Cohen & D. Hale (Eds.). (41-49). The new student left. Boston: Dorsey.

Handler, J. (1979). Social movements and the legal system: A theory of law reform and social change. Institute for Research on Poverty Monogragh Series. New York: Academic Press.

Hawes, J.M. (?). The children's rights movement: A history of advocacy and protection. NY: Twayne.

Hayes, J.R. (1975). The dialectics of resistance: An analysis of the GI movement. Journal of Social Issues, 31(4), 125-139.
 

Haynes, K. S. & Mickelson, J. S. (1991). Affecting change: Social workers in the political arena. White Plains: Longman.

Herberle, R. (1951). Social movements: An introduction to political sociology. New York: Appleton-Century.

Heberle, R. (1968). Types and functions of social movements. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 14. (438-444) in David Sills (Ed.) New York: Macmillan.

Heller, K. (1992). Ingredients for effective community change: some field observations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 (2), 143-163.

Hesseltine, W. (1962). Third party movements in the United States. New York: D. Van Nostrand.

Hicks, J.D. (1931). The populist revolt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Hicks, J. D. & Burkhart, J. D. (1929). The Farmers' Alliance. North Carolina Historical Review,6( ), 254-280.

Howard, J. (1974). The cutting edge: Social movements and social change in America. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Hunt, R. L. (1935). A history of farmers' movements in the southwest, 1873-1925. College Station, Texas: University of Texas.

Isaac, L., Mutran, E., & Stryker, S. (1980). Political protest orientations among black and white adults. American Sociological Review, 45( ), 191-213.

Isserman, M. (1987). If I had a hammer: The death of the old left and birth of the new left. New York: Basic.

Iyer, R. N. (1973). The moral and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, M., Peterson, E., Bull, J, Monsen, S, & Richmond, P. (1960). The failure of an incipient social movement. Pacific Sociological Review, 3( ), 35-40.

Jenkins, J.C. (1983). Resource mobilization theory and the study of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 9( ), 527-553.
 

Jenkins, J.C. (1985). The politics of insurgency: The farm worker movement in the 1960s. New York: Columbia University Press.

Jenkins, J.C. (1987). Interpreting the stormy 1960s: Three theories in search of a political age. Research in Political Sociology, 3( ), 269-303.

Jenkins, J.C. & Eckert, C.M. (1986). Channeling black insurgency: Elite patronage and professional social movement organizations in the development of the black movement. American Sociological Review, 51( ), 812-829.

Jenkins, J.C. & Perrow, C. (1977). Insurgency of the powerless: Farm workers movements (1946-72). American Sociological Review, 42( ), 249-268.

Katz, A. (?). Self-help in America: A social movement perspective. NY: Twayne.

Katzenstein, M.F. & Mueller, C.M. The women's movements of the United States and Western Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Kessler-Harris, A. (1982). Out to work: A history of wage earning women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.

Khinduka, S. K. & Coughlin, G. (1975). A conceptualization of social action. Social Service Review, 44( ), .

Killian, L. M. (1964). Social movements. Handbook of modern sociology. R.E.L. Faris (Ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally.

Killian, L.M. (1968). The impossible revolution?: Black power and the American dream.

Killian, L.M. (1984). Organization, rationality and spontaneity in the civil rights movement. American Sociology Review, 49( ), 770-783.

King, C.W. (1956). Social movements in the United States.

Klandermans, B. (1986). New social movements and resource mobilization: The European and the American approach. Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 4( ), 13-38.

Klehr, H. (1984). The heyday of American communism. New York: Basic Books.

Klehr, H. & Haynes, J.E. The American communist movement: Storming heaven itself. NY: Twayne.

Kleidman, R. (1986). Opposing the "good war": Mobilization and professionalization in the emergency peace campaign. Research in social movements: Conflicts and change,9( ), 177-200.

Klein, E. (1984). Gender politics: From consciousness to mass politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Korpi, W. (1974). Conflict, power, and relative deprivation. American Political Science Review, 38( ), 1569-1578.

Kotz, N. & Lynn, M. (1977). A passion for equality: George Wiley and the movement. New York: W. W. Norton.

Kreisberg, L. (1977). Research on social movements: Conflict and change. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Kreisberg, L (?) (?) Organizing for change: Social movement organizations in Europe and the U.S. Vol. 5. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Kruse, Corwin (1988). Mobilizing Impressions: Impression Management as a Selective Incentive for Participation in Social Movement Organizations. Presented at the meetings of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, CA, August, 1998.

Lader, L. (1955). The Margaret Sanger story. Garden City: Doubleday.

Lasch, C. (Ed.) (1965). The social thought of Jane Addams. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company.

Lauer, R. (1972). Social movements: An interactionalist analysis. The Sociological Quarterly, 13( ), 315-328.

Lawson, R. (1983). Origins and evolution of s social movement strategy: The rent strike in New York City, 1904-1980. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 18( ), 371-395.

Lawson, R. Forthcoming. From "tenant rebellion" to tenant management: The evolution of the tenant movement in New York, 1904-1981.

Lazarus, S. (1974). The genteel populists. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Leffler, M.P. (1994). The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953. New York: Hill and Wang.

Levy, J. (1975). Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa. New York: W. W. Norton.

Luebke, P. (?). Activists and asphalt: A successful anti-expressway movement in "new south city." Human Organization, 40(Fall), 256-263.

Lewis, S.H. & Kraut, R.E. (1972). Correlates of student political activism and ideology. Journal of Social Issues, 28( ), 131-149.

Lipset, Se.M. & Wolin, S.S. (1965). The Berkeley student revolt. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.

Lipsky, M. (1968). Protest as a political resource. American Political Science Review,62( ), 1144-58.

Lofland, J. (1977). The boom and bust patterns of social movements: Toward analysis of life history scenarios. Unpublished manuscript.

Lofland, J. (1981). Collective behavior: The elementary forms. Social psychology: Sociological perspectives. Rosenberg & Turner (Eds.). New York: Basic Books.

Lofland, J. (1985). Protest: Studies of collective behavior and social movements. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Lofland, J. & Fink, M. (1982). Symbolic sit-ins: Protest occupations of the California capitol. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.

Lomax, L. (1962). The Negro revolt. New York: New American Library.

Lowi, T.J. (1971). The politics of disorder. New York: Basic.

Lutz, A. (1959). Susan B. Anthony. Boston: Beacon.

Mahaffey, M. & Hanks, J. W. (1982). Practical politics: Social work and political responsibility. Silver Spring: NASW.

Marullo, S. (1980). The National Welfare Rights Organization. A case study of the dual nature of mobilization. The Human Factor, 14( ), 1-27.
 

Marx, G.T. (1974). Thoughts on a neglected category of social movement participant: The agent provocateur and the informant. American Journal of Sociology, 80( ), 402-442.

Marx, G.T. (1979). External efforts to damage or facilitate social movements: Some patterns, explanations, outcomes, and complications. In M.Zald & J. McCarthy (Eds). (95-125). The dynamics of social movements. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.

Marx, G.T. & Woods, J. (1975). Strands of theory and research in collective behavior. In A. Inkeles et al (Eds.). (363 -428) Annual Review of Sociology I. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

Matthiessen, P. (1991). In the spirit of Crazy Horse: The story of Leonard Peltier and the FBI's war on the American Indian Movement. New York: Penguin.

Mauss, A. L. (1975). Social problems as social movements. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of black insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McAdam, D. (1983). Tactical innovation and the pace of insurgency. American Sociological Renew, 48( ), 735-754.

McAdam, D. & Snow, D. A. (1997). Social movements: Readings on their emergence, mobilization, and dynamics. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

McAdam, D.(1996). Conceptual origins, current problems, future directions. In McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, Mayer Zald, eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23-40.

McAdam, D. & Zald, M. eds. (1996). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D. & Zald, M. (1996). Introduction: opportunities, mobilizing structures and framing processes --toward a synthetic, comparative perspective on social movements. In McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, Mayer Zald, eds. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-21.

McCarry, C. (1972). Citizen Nader. New York: Signet.
 

McCarthy, J.d. & Zald, M.N. (1973). The trend of social movements in America: Professionalization and resource mobilization. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press.

McCarthy, J. D. & Zald, M.N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212-1241.

McMath, R.C. Jr. (1993). American Populism: A Social History 1877-1898. New York: Hill and Wang.

McPhail, C. (1971). Civil disorder participation: a critical examination of recent research. American Sociological Review, 36( ), 1058-1073.

Melucci, A. (1985).. The symbolic challenge of contemporary movements. Social Research, 52( ), 789-816.

Meier, A. & Rudwick, E. (1971). Black Detroit and the rise of the U.A.W. Wadsworth.

Meier, A. & Rudwick, E. (1973). CORE: A study in the civil rights movement, 1942-1968. New York: Oxford University Press.

Messerschmidt, J. (1983). The trial of Leonard Peltier. Boston: South End Press.

Michels, R. [1915](1962). Political parties. New York: Collier.

Milgram, S. & Toch, H.H. (1968). Social movements. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (eds.), handbook of social psychology, 2nd edition.

Milkman, R. (1985). Women, work and protest. Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Mitchell, H. L. (1979). Mean things happening in this land: Life and times of H. L. Mitchell. Montclair, N.J: Allanheld, Osman.

Mitchell, H. L. (1987). Roll the union on: A pictorial history of the Southern Tenants Farmers Union. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr.

Mondros, J. & Wilson, S. Organizing for power and empowerment. New York: Columbia University Press.

Mooney, P.H. & Majka, T.J. (?). Farmers' and farm workers' movements: Social protest in American agriculture. NY: Twayne.

Moore Jr., B. (1966). Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press.

Morlan, R. L. (1955). Political prairie fire: The nonpartisan league, 1915-1922. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Morris, A. (1981). Origins of the civil rights movement. New York: Free Press.

Morris, A. (1981). Black southern sit-in movement: An analysis of internal organization. American Sociological Review, 46( ), 744-767.

Morris, A. (1984). The origins of the civil rights movement: Black communities organizing for change. New York: Free Press.

Morrison, D.E. (1971). Some notes toward theory on relative deprivation, social movements, and social change. American Behavioral Scientist, 14( ), 675-690.

Mottl, T. L. (1980). The analysis of counter movements. Social Problems, 27( ), 620-635.

Moyer, B. (1977). A nonviolent action manual: How to organize nonviolent demonstrations and campaigns. San Francisco: Social Movement Empowerment Project.

Moyer, B. (1986). Practical strategist. San Francisco: Social Movement Empowerment Project.

Moyer, B. (1987). Movement action plan. San Francisco: Social Movement Empowerment Project.

Mueller, C. & Dimieri, T. (1982). The structure of belief systems among contending ERA activists. Social Forces, 60.

Nordhoff, C. (1966). The communistic societies of the United States. New York: Dover.

Noyes, J. H. (1966). History of American socialism. New York: Dover.

Obear, F.W. (1970). Student activism in the sixties. In J. Foster & D. Long (Eds.). (11-26). Protest: Student activism in America 1970. New York: William Morrow.

Oberschall, A. (1973). Social conflicts and social movements. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Oberschall, A. (1978). Theories of social conflict. American Review of Sociology, 4( ), 291-315.

Oberschall, A. (1993). Social movements: Ideologies, interests and identities. New Brunswick: Transaction.

Oliver, P. (1983). The mobilization of paid and volunteer activists in the neighborhood movement. Research in Social movements, 5( ), 133-170.

Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Orum, A.M. (1972). Black students in protest: A study of the origins of the black student movement. Arnold and Caroline Rose Monograph Series. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association.

Orum, A.M. (1974). On participation in political protest movements. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 10( ), 181-207.

Orum, A.M. & Orum, A.W. (1968). The class and status bases of of Negro student movement. Social Science Quarterly, 49( ), 521-533.

Orum, A.M. & Wilson, K.L. (1975). Toward a theoretical model of participation in political movements. I. Leftist movements. Unpublished paper. Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin.

Parson, T. & Shils, E.A. (1962). Toward a general theory of action. New York: Harper and Row.

Pertschuk, M. (1982). Revolt against regulation: The rise and pause of the consumer movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Petras, J. & Zeitlin, M. (1967). Miners and agrarian radicalism. American Sociological Review, 32( ), 578-586.

Pinard, M. (1967). Poverty and political movements. Social Problems, 15( ), 250-263.
 

Pinard, M. (1968). Mass society and political movements: A new formulation. American Journal of Sociology, 37( ), 682-690.

Pinard, M. (1971). The rise of a third party: A study in crisis politics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Pinard, M., Von Eschen, D., & Kirk, J. (1968). Processes of recruitment in the sit-in movement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 33( ), 355-369.

Piven, F. F. & Cloward, R. A. (1982). Poor people's movements: Why they succeed, how they fail. New York: Vintage Books.

Portes, A. (1971). On the logic of post-factum explanations: The hypothesis of lower-class frustration as the cause of leftist radicalism. Social Forces, 50( ), 26-44.

Powers, P. (1977). Social change: Nader style. Journal of Education for Social Work, 3( ), 63-69.

Putnam, R.D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in American. Political Science and Politics, 664-683.

Rabby, G.A. (1984). Out of the past: the civil rights movement in Tallahassee, Florida. Unpublished dissertation. Department of Sociology, Florida State University.

Ralph, J.R. (1993). Northern protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Richan, W. C. (1991). Lobbying for social change. Binghampton: Haworth Press.

Roberts, R. E. & Kloss, R. M. (1974). Social movements: Between the balcony and the barricade. St. Louis: Mosby.

Roberts-DeGennaro, M. (1987). Patterns of exchange relationships in building coalitions. Administration in Social Work, 11 (1), 59-67.

Roche, J.P. & Sachs, S. 91965). The bureaucrat and the enthusiast: An exploration of the leadership of social movements. Western Political Quarterly, 8( ), 248-261.

Rohter, I.S. (1970). The genesis of political radicalism: The case of the radical right. In R. Sigel (Ed.), Learning about politics: A reader in political socialization. New York: Random House.

Rosenthal, N., Fingrutd, M., Ethier, M., Karant, R., I McConad, (1985). Social movements and network analysis: A case study of nineteenth-century women's reform in New York state. American Journal of Sociology, 90( ), 1022-1054.

Rosenstone, S. J., Behr, R. L, & Lazarus, E. H. (1984). Third parties in America: Citizen response to major party failure. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ross, R. (1975). Generational change and primary groups in a social movement. Unpublished paper. Clark University, Worchester, MA.

Roszak, T. (1969). The making of a counterculture. Garden City: Doubleday.

Rothschild-Whitt, J. (1979). The collectivist organization: An alternative to rational-bureaucratic models. American Sociological Review, 44( ), 509-527.

Rouse, J., Crawford, L. & Woods, B. (1990). Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and torchbearers 1941-1965. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishers.

Rucht, D. (1991). Research on social movements. Boulder(?), CO: Westview.

Rupp, L.J. & Taylor, V. (1987). Survival in the doldrums: The American women's rights movement, 1945 to the 1960s. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rush, G.B. (1967). Status consistency and right wing extremism. American Sociological Review, 32( ), 86-92.

Rush, G. & Serge Denisoff, R. (1971). Social and political movements. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Ryan, C. (1991, Fall). Media battlefronts: Political action and coverage in the press. Social Policy, 8-15.

Sale, K. (1973). SDS. New York: Random House.

Sale, K. (1993). The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement 1962-1992. New York: Hill and Wang.

Sayles, M. (1981). Relative deprivation and collective protest: An impoverished theory? Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, Toronto.

Salootos, T. (Ed.) (1968). Populism: Reaction or reform? New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Salootos, T. (1969). Farmer movements in the South, 1860-1933. Berkeley: University of California.

Schwartz, M. (1976). Radical protest and social structure: The southern farmers' alliance and cotton tenancy. 1880-1890. New York: Academic.

Schwartz, M., Rosenthal, N., Schwartz, L. (1981). Leader-member conflict in protest organizations: The case of the Southern Farmers' Alliance. Social Problems, 29( ), 22-36.

Searles, R. & Williams, J.A. (1962). Negro college students' participation in sit-ins. Social Forces, 40( ), 215-219.

Sharp,G. (1973). The Politics of Non-violent Action. New York: Schocken.

Shields, K. (?). In the tiger's mouth: An empowerment guide for social action. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Skocpol, T. (1979). States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sharp, G. (1971). Exploring nonviolent alternatives. Boston: Porter Sargent.

Sharp, G. (1973). The politics of nonviolent action: Part I - Power and struggle. Boston: Porter Sargent.

Sharp, G. (1973). The politics of nonviolent action: Part II - The methods of nonviolent action. Boston: Porter Sargent

Sharp, G. (1973). The politics of nonviolent action: Part III - The dynamics of nonviolent action. Boston: Porter Sargent.

Siebold, C. (?). The hospice movement. NY: Twayne.

Sink, D.W. & Stowers, G. (1989). Coalitions and their effect on the urban policy agenda. Administration in Social Work, 13 (2), 83-98.

Skolnick, J.H. (1969). The politics of protest.

Smelser, N. J. (1963). Theory of collective behavior. New York: Macmillan.

Smith, C.U. (1961). The sit-ins and the new Negro student. Journal of Intergroup Relations, 2( ), 223-229.

Smith, C.U. & Killian, L.M. (1958). The Tallahassee bus protest: Field reports on desegregation in the south. New York: Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith.

Smith, J. (1976). Communities, associations, and the collective goods. American Journal of Sociology, 82( ), 291-308.

Snow, D.A., Rochford, E.B., Wroden, S.K. and Benford, R.D. (1986). Frame alignment processes, micromobilization and movement participation. American Sociological Review, 51 (August). 464-481.

Snow, D.A., Zurcher, L.A., & Ekland-Olson, S. Social networks and social movements: A microstructural approach to differential recruitment. American Sociological Review, 80( ), 787-801.

Snow, D.A., Zurcher, L.A., & Peters, R. (1981). Victory celebrations as theater: A dramaturgical approach to crowd behavior. Symbolic Interaction, 4(1), 21-41.

Snyder, D. & Kelly, W. (1979). Strategies for studying violence and social change: Illustrations from analyses of racial disorders and implications for mobilization research. Zald & McCarthy (eds.), Dynamics of mobilization: Resource mobilization, tactics, and social control. Los Angeles: Sage.

Staggenborg, S. (1988). The consequences of professionalization and formalization in the pro-choice movement. American Sociological Review, 53( ), 585-606.

Staggenborg, S. (1989). Stability and innovation in the women's movement: A comparison of two movement organization. Social Problems, 36( ), 75-92.

Stoecker, R. (1994). Community movement, organization. The Sociological Quarterly, 36( ), 111-130.

Sullivan, L.E. (?). The prison reform movement. NY: Twayne.

Swanson, G.E. (1971). Social change. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.

Tarrow, S. (1994). Power in movement: Social movements, collective action, and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tarrow, S. (1988). National politics and collective action: Recent theory and research in Western Europe and the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 421-440.

Tarrow, S. (1983). Struggling to reform: Social movements and policy change during cycles of protest. Center for International Studies, Western Societies Occasional paper no. 15. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Taylor, B. (1988). Parting the waters: America in the King years 1954-63. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Taylor, R. (1975). Chavez and the farm workers: A study in the acquisition and use of power. Boston: Beacon Press.

Taylor, V. (1989). Social movement continuity: The women's movement in abeyance. American Sociological Review, 54( ), 761-775.

Thompson, D. (1965). The rise of the Negro protest. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 357( ), 18-29.

Thoreau, H. D. (1970). The variorum walden and the variorum civil disobedience. New York: Washington Square Press.

Thorne, B. (1975). Protest and the problem of credibility: Uses of knowledge and risk-taking in the draft resistance movement of the 1960's. Social Problem, 23( ), 111-123.

Tilly, C. (1975). Revolutions and collective violence. In F.I. Greenstein & N. Polsky (Eds.), Handbook of Political Science. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Tiryakian, E. (1967). A model of social change and its lead indicators. The study of total societies. Samuel Klausner (Ed.). New York: Doubleday.

Toch, H. (1965). The social psychology of social movements. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Tokar, B. (?). The green alternative: Creating an ecological future. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
 

Tolstoy, L. (?). Writings on civil disobedience and nonviolence. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Tolstoy, L. (1961). The Kingdom of God is Within You. New York: Noonday Press.

Turner, R.H. (1968). The theme of contemporary social movements. British Journal of Sociology, 20( ), 390-405.

Turner, R.H. (1969). The public perception of protest. American Sociological Review,34( ), 815-831.

Turner, R.H. (1970). Determinants of social movement strategies. Human nature and collective behavior: Papers in honor of Herbert Blumer. Tamotsu Shibutani (Ed.) (145-164). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Turner, R. (1983). Figure and ground in the analysis of social movements. Symbolic Interaction, 6 (2), 175-181.

Turner, R. H. and Killian, L.M. (1987). Collective behavior, 3rd. Ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Tyler, R. (1967). Rebels of the woods - the I.W.W. in the Pacific Northwest. Eugene: University of Oregon Books.

Useem, M. (1973). Conscription, protest, and social conflict: The life and death of a draft resistance movement. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

Useem, M. (1975). Protest movements in America. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Useem, B. & Zald, M.N. (1982). From pressure group to social movement: Organizational dilemmas of the effort to promote nuclear power. Social Problems, 30( ), 144-156.

Vander Zanden, J.W. (1959). Resistance and social movements. Social Forces, 37( ), 312-318.

Vander Zanden, J.W. (1963). The non-violent resistance movement against segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 68( ), 544-550.

Von Eschen, D., Kirk, J., & Pinard, M. (1969). The conditions of direct action in a democratic society. Western Political Quarterly, 22( ), 309-325.

Von Eschen, D., Kirk, J., & Pinard, M. (1969). The disintegration of the Negro nonviolent movement. Journal of Peace Research, 3( ), 216-234.

Wagner, D. (1989). Radical movements in the social services: A theoretical framework. Social Service Review, pp. 264-284.

Walls, D. 1993). The activists manual: The concerned citizens guide to the leading advocacy organizations in America. New York: Fireside (Simon and Schuster).

Walsh, E.J. (1981). Resource mobilization and citizen protest in communities around Three Mile Island. Social Problems, 29( ), 1-21.

Walzer, M. (1971). Political action: A practical guide to movement politics. Chicago: Quadrangle.

Watters, P. (1971). Down to now: Reflections on the southern civil rights movement. New York: Pantheon.

Weiss, R.F. (1963). Defection from social movements and subsequent recruitment to new movements. Sociometry, 26( ), 1-20.

Weissman, J.H. (1969). Problems in maintaining stability in low-income social action organizations. In J.H. Weissman (Ed.) (163-177). Community development in the mobilization for youth experience. New York: Association Press. Weller, J.M. & Quarantelli, E.L. (1973). Neglected characteristics of collective behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3), 665-685.

West, B. (1981). The national welfare rights movement: The protest social of poor women. New York: Praeger.

Westby, D.L. (1976). the clouded vision: The student movement in the United States in the 1960s. London: Associated University Press.

Wilkinson, P. (1971). Social movements. New York: Praeger.

Wilson, K. & Orum, A. (1976). Mobilizing people for collective action. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 4 ( ), 187-202.

Wilson, J. (1973). Introduction to social movements. New York: Basic Books.

Woelfel, J., Woelfel, J., Gillham, J., & McPhail, T. (1974). Political radicalization as a communicational process. Communication Research, 1( ), 243-263.

Wolff, R. P. (1970). In defense of anarchism. New York: Harper and Row.

Woods, J.L. & Jackson, M. (1982). Social movements. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

X[Little], M. with Haley, A. (1965). The autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press.

Zald, M. N. & Ash, R. (1966). Social movement organizations: Growth, decay and change. Social Forces, 44( ), 327-341.

Zald, M.N. & Berger, M.A. (1971). Social movements in organizations: Coup d'etat, insurgency, and mass movements. American Journal of Sociology, 83( ), 823-861.

Zald, M. N. & McCarthy, J. (1987). Social movements in an organizational society. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.

Zaltman, G. & Duncan, R. (1977). Strategies for planned change. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Zinn, H. (1964). SNCC: The new abolitionists. Boston: Beacon Press.

Zinn, H. (1980). A people's history of the United States. New York: Harper Colophon Books

Zurcher, L.A. & Curtis, R. (1973). A comparative analysis of propositions describing social movement organization. Sociological Quarterly, 14( ), 175-188.

Zurcher, L.A., Kirkpatrick, R.G., Cushing, R.G., & Bowman, C.K. (1971). The anti-pornography campaign: a symbolic crusade. Social Problems, 19( ), 217-238.

Zurcher, L.A. & Snow, D.A. Forthcoming. Collective behavior, social movements. In M. Rosenberg & R. Turner (Eds.). Sociological contributions to social psychology. New York: Basic Books.

Zygmunt, J. (1972). Movements and motives: Some unresolved issues in the psychology of social movements. Human Relations, 25( ), 449-467.